EXPLORING ETHICAL CONTINUITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY AND LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62668/defacto.v2i02.1215Kata Kunci:
Socrates, Martin Luther King Jr., justice, rhetorical strategies, moral philosophyAbstrak
Artikel ini mengkaji relevansi abadi dari “Apologi” Socrates dan “Surat dari Penjara Birmingham” Martin Luther King Jr. yang menyoroti komitmen bersama mereka terhadap keadilan dan integritas etis, terlepas dari perbedaan besar dalam konteks historis dan sosio-politik. Kedua teks tersebut menggunakan strategi retorika yang kuat untuk mengadvokasi kebenaran dan kebenaran moral, menantang ketidakadilan masyarakat yang sudah mengakar. Socrates, melalui metode dialektikanya, membeberkan ketidakkonsistenan argumen para penuduhnya, mendorong pemeriksaan diri secara kritis, sementara King, melalui penalaran logis dan daya tarik emosional, mendorong para pembacanya untuk menghadapi kegagalan moral dalam masyarakat. Hubungan tematik antara kedua karya tersebut, terutama penekanan mereka pada kebenaran, integritas moral, dan keberanian untuk menantang hukum yang tidak adil, menggarisbawahi signifikansi mereka yang tak lekang oleh waktu dalam wacana filsafat moral dan keadilan sosial. Dengan menempatkan argumen mereka dalam tradisi etika dan intelektual yang lebih luas, baik Socrates maupun King memberikan model kepemimpinan etis dan keberanian moral yang tak lekang oleh waktu.
Unduhan
Referensi
Ahbel-Rappe, S. (2012). IS SOCRATIC ETHICS EGOISTIC? Classical Philology, 107, 319 - 340. https://doi.org/10.1086/666925.
Baldwin, L. V. (2010). TOWARD THE BELOVED COMMUNITY: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AND SOUTH AFRICA. Pilgrim Press.
Branch, T. (1988). PARTING THE WATERS: AMERICA IN THE KING YEARS 1954-63. Simon & Schuster
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). USING THEMATIC ANALYSIS IN PSYCHOLOGY. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brickhouse, T. C., & Smith, N. D. (1994). PLATO'S SOCRATES. Oxford University Press.
Burke, P. (2005). WHAT IS CULTURAL HISTORY? Polity Press.
Catana, L. (2022). SOCRATES’ UNDERSTANDING OF ‘PROTECTION’ (BO?THEIA) IN HIS OTHER-ORIENTED ETHICS: THE CASE OF THE ATHENIANS IN PLATO’S APOLOGY AND GORGIAS. Apeiron, 56, 211 - 233. https://doi.org/10.1515/apeiron-2021-0029
Carson, C. (2001). THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr. Warner Books.
Cels, S. (2017). SAYING SORRY: ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE ACT OF PUBLIC APOLOGY. Leadership Quartely, 28, 759-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEAQUA.2017.04.001
Chenoweth, E. (2014). A DISCUSSION OF GOSPEL OF FREEDOM: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.'S LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL AND THE STRUGGLE THAT CHANGED A NATION BY JONATHAN RIEDER. Perspectives on Politics, 12, 716 - 717. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714001789
Cone, J. H. (1991). MARTIN & MALCOLM & AMERICA: A DREAM OR A NIGHTMARE. Orbis Books.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). RESEARCH DESIGN: QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE, AND MIXED METHODS APPROACHES. Sage Publications.
Domaradzki, M. (2018). DEFIANCE, PERSUASION OR CONFORMITY? THE ARGUMENT IN PLATO'S "APOLOGY" AND "CRITO" / MIKO?AJ DOMARADZKI. Peitho. Examina Antiqua , 2, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.14746/PEA.2011.1.7.
Foss, S. K., Foss, K. A., & Trapp, R. (2002). CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Waveland Press.
Griffin, P. (2002). BLESSED ARE THE PEACEMAKERS: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., EIGHT WHITE RELIGIOUS LEADERS, AND THE "LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL”. Anglican and Episcopal History, 71, 584. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-6373
Hathaway, R. (2008). LAW AND THE MORAL PARADOX IN PLATO'S APOLOGY. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 8, 127 - 142. https://doi.org/10.1353/HPH.2008.1431
Jedan, C. (2018). SOCRATES AND DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY. ON SOCRATES’ CONCEPTION OF POLITICS IN PLATO’S APOLOGY, CRITO AND GORGIAS. Peitho. Examina Antiqua, 31-44. https://doi.org/10.14746/pea.2010.1.2
King, M. L. (1963). LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL. Retrieved from Stanford University: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute.
Kohlmeier, J., & Saye, J. (2014). ETHICAL REASONING OF U.S. HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS EXPLORING JUST VERSUS UNJUST LAWS. Theory & Research in Social Education, 42, 548 - 578. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2014.966218
Kondo, K. (2014). SOCRATES' RHETORICAL STRATEGY IN PLATO'S APOLOGY. Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts, 1, 323-334. https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHA.1-4-4.
Leff, M., & Utley, E. (2004). INSTRUMENTAL AND CONSTITUTIVE RHETORIC IN MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.'S "LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL". Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 7, 37 - 51. https://doi.org/10.1353/RAP.2004.0026
McPherran, M. L. (1996). THE RELIGION OF SOCRATES. Pennsylvania State University Press.
Miller, W. R. (1998). ARGUING ABOUT SLAVERY: THE GREAT BATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS. Knopf.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: A METHODS SOURCEBOOK. Sage Publications.
Nails, D. (2006). THE PEOPLE OF PLATO: A PROSOPOGRAPHY OF PLATO AND OTHER SOCRATICS. Hackett Publishing
Neuman, W. L. (2013). SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES. Pearson Education
Osborn, M. (2004). RHETORICAL DISTANCE IN "LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL”. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 7, 23 - 35. https://doi.org/10.1353/RAP.2004.0027
Pacewicz, A. (2018). ETHICAL DIMENSION OF TIME IN PLATO'S "Apology of Socrates", 2, 123-137. https://doi.org/10.14746/PEA.2011.1.8
Plato. (399 BC). APOLOGY. IN B. JOWETT (TRANS.), THE DIALOGUES OF PLATO. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg.
Sen, A. (2017). ETHICS AND THE FOUNDATION OF GLOBAL JUSTICE. Ethics & International Affairs, 31, 261 - 270. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679417000193
Ward, I. (2017). DEMOCRATIC CIVILITY AND THE DANGERS OF NICENESS. Political Theology, 18, 115 - 136. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462317X.2016.1227047
##submission.downloads##
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Asih Ernawati, Riyatno Riyatno
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
CC Attribution 4.0
