Rizka Luluatul Hasanah (1), Nabila Kheisya Zalvadhia (2), Santi Mulyady (3), Nurdin Nurdin (4)
Women's representation in parliament is a key indicator in assessing the quality of democracy and gender equality in a country. This study compares the effectiveness of gender quota policies between Indonesia and Sweden to identify the factors contributing to their success or failure. Indonesia has formally implemented a 30% gender quota since 2004, yet its enforcement remains largely administrative and has not led to a significant increase in either the quantity or quality of female legislators. In contrast, Sweden has achieved nearly 50% female representation in parliament without a formal quota law, relying instead on voluntary political party commitments, a closed-list proportional electoral system, and an egalitarian political culture. This research employs a comparative qualitative approach using literature review as the primary data source. Findings indicate that the success of women’s political representation is not solely determined by legal quotas but is strongly influenced by structural party commitment, cultural support, and internal mechanisms such as the zipper system. The study recommends electoral system reform, capacity building for female politicians, and a cultural shift in political paradigms in Indonesia to ensure that gender quotas function as substantive affirmative action rather than symbolic compliance.
Adriani, S., & Maulia, S. T. (2024). PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN DALAM POLITIK. Journal of Practice Learning and Educational Development, 4(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.58737/jpled.v4i2.287
ALIGN Platform. (2024). INDONESIA: WOMEN’S POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND GENDER NORMS. Retrieved from https://www.alignplatform.org
Arawi, F. A. (2022). PERBANDINGAN REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN DI PARLEMEN INDONESIA DAN FILIPINA. Politeia: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 14(2), 74-85.
Aulya, A., Moenta, A. P., & Halim, H. (2022). PEREMPUAN DAN POLITIK: MENAKAR KEBIJAKAN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DALAM SISTEM KEPARTAIAN. Amanna Gappa, 30(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.20956/ag.v30i2.24214
Baugh, J. A., Smith, C. E., Hensley, T. R., & Johnson, S. P. (1994). JUSTICE RUTH BADER GINSBURG: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT. U. Tol. L. Rev., 26, 1.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). RESEARCH DESIGN: QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE, AND MIXED METHODS APPROACHES (Edisi ke-5). Sage Publications.
Dahlberg, S., Carlsson, M., & Teorell, J. (2024). THE GENDER QUOTA PARADOX IN SCANDINAVIA. Scandinavian Political Studies.
Damayanti, K., Anisti, C. N., Rizanul, R. C., & Ummah, A. (2024). ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KUOTA 30% KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DALAM POLITIK INDONESIA. Jurnal ISO: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora, 4(2).
EPIRA, P. (2021). KEBERHASILAN SWEDIA MENETAPKAN KEBIJAKAN PARENTAL LEAVE DAN PUBLIC CHILD CARE (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta).
Erick, B., & Masyitah, M. (2020). KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PARTAI POLITIK PERSPEKTIF SIYASAH SYAR’IYYAH. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Sigli, 3(2), 200-212.
Freidenvall, L. (2020). VOLUNTARY PARTY QUOTAS IN SWEDEN: A PATHWAY TO GENDER-BALANCED POLITICS. Stockholm University. https://www.su.se
Gender equality index: 2023: SE. EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR GENDER EQUALITY. (2023, March 28). https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023/country/SE
Government Offices of Sweden. (n.d.). THE DISCRIMINATION ACT. Retrieved from https://www.government.se/4a788f/contentassets/6732121a2cb54ee3b21da9c628b6bdc7/oversattning-diskrimineringslagen_eng.pdf
Index, M. Sweden - PROPORTION OF SEATS HELD BY WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS (%) INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION. (2024). WOMEN IN NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS. Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org
Krook, M. L., & Zetterberg, P. (2020). DESIGNING GENDER QUOTAS: KEY CONSIDERATIONS. Political Studies Review, 18(1), 3–14.
Lestari, D., & Rakhmat, M. Z. (2023). KUOTA PEREMPUAN DALAM PEMILU INDONESIA: ANTARA AFIRMASI DAN SIMBOLISME. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 26(1), 45–59.
Muriaas, R. L., Wang, V., & Murray, R. (2021). GENDERED ELECTORAL FINANCING: MONEY, POWER AND REPRESENTATION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE. Routledge.
Puspitawati, I., & Hafid, A. (2022). REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN DALAM POLITIK: STUDI PADA CALEG PEREMPUAN DI PEMILU LEGISLATIF. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 10(2), 120–134.
Ramadhanty, A., Livtanta, N. K., Naila, N., & Ummah, A. (2024). EFEKTIVITAS KEBIJAKAN KUOTA GENDER (KVINNOKVOT) DALAM MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN DI PARLEMEN: STUDI KASUS LEMBAGA PARLEMEN SWEDIA. Journal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan, 13(2), 431-441.
Sibarani, R. E. H. (2024). PERBANDINGAN PENGATURAN KUOTA PEMILIHAN PEREMPUAN DAN KONDISI KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DI PARLEMEN: STUDI KASUS INDONESIA, TIMOR-LESTE, DAN FINLANDIA (A COMPARISON STUDY OF THE QUOTAS AND CONDITIONS FOR WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT IN INDONESIA, TIMOR-LESTE, AND FINLAND). The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 3(2), 2.
Sugiyono. (2012). METODE PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF (DAN R&D). Alfabeta.
TIME. (2022). INDONESIA’S WOMEN RELIGIOUS LEADERS ARE FIGHTING FOR EQUALITY THROUGH ISLAM. Retrieved from https://time.com
UN Women. (2021). WOMEN IN POLITICS: 2021. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2021/03/women-in-politics-map-2021
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 TENTANG PEMILIHAN UMUM.
Unzilla Anggraini, N. (2024, Oktober 8). KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DALAM POLITIK MELALUI KEBIJAKAN KUOTA DI INDONESIA. kumparan. Diambil dari https://kumparan.com/user-05102024105831/keterwakilan-perempuan-dalam-politik-melalui-kebijakan-kuota-di-indonesia-23fxVzuq8XH
Utomo, I., & Fitriani, S. (2024). VOTING AGAINST WOMEN: POLITICAL PATRIARCHY, ISLAM, AND REPRESENTATION IN INDONESIA. Politics & Gender, Cambridge University Press.
Wikipedia. (2025). WOMEN IN SWEDISH PARLIAMENT; ZIPPER SYSTEM; WOMEN'S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN INDONESIA.
Winata, T. P., & Putri, R. A. (2024). KEBIJAKAN POLITIK AFIRMATIF DAN PROBLEMATIKA REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN DI PARLEMEN LOKAL PADA DPRD KABUPATEN WONOSOBO. Jurnal Tapis: Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam, 20(1), 77-98.