Wahyu Puji Sahputra (1), Bahdin Ahad Badia (2), Muhammad Idris Putra (3), Fahrizal Cesar Putra (4), Angga Asteriasti Aji (5)
Global nickel demand is rapidly increasing in line with the transition to low-carbon technologies, particularly in the electric vehicle battery industry. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 40 publications (2020–2025) on nickel ore extraction technologies, challenges, and sustainable future prospects. About 55% of the studies discuss pyrometallurgy (RKEF, Blast Furnace) with Ni recovery of 90–95%, energy consumption of 5,500–6,500 kWh/t, and CO? emissions of 15–25 t/t Ni. Around 30% examine HPAL, which processes low-grade limonite with lower energy use, high investment (>USD 1 billion), and complex waste management. The remaining 15% focus on bioleaching (75–85% recovery, ~80% lower energy use, though with long processing time) and selective reduction (Fe?O? reduction at 1,100–1,200 °C, 15–20% lower energy consumption, Ni recovery of 90–93%). Challenges include ore mineralogy variation, nickel price fluctuations, and environmental impact. As the world’s top producer (~50% in 2024), Indonesia must optimize downstream policy and sustainability. Future prospects include commercializing alternative technologies and integrating renewable energy to reduce carbon footprint by up to 60%.
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